USA

Moving from the United States to Spain is a major life transition that requires careful planning, particularly because Spain has specific administrative requirements for non-EU citizens. Below is the essential information for Americans planning to make this move.

1. Residency and Visas

As a U.S. citizen, you can visit Spain for up to 90 days within a 180-day period for tourism without a visa. To live there long-term, you must obtain a residence visa before arriving. You apply for these at the Spanish consulate in the U.S. that has jurisdiction over your state of residence.

• Common Visa Pathways:

  • Non-Lucrative Visa (NLV): For those who can support themselves through passive income (pensions, investments, savings) without working in Spain. It requires demonstrating significant financial means.

  • Digital Nomad Visa: For remote workers employed by companies based outside of Spain.

  • Work Visa: Requires a job offer from a Spanish employer who has received government authorization to hire a non-EU citizen.

• Key Administrative Steps: Once in Spain, you will need to register your address (empadronamiento) at your local town hall and apply for your Tarjeta de Identidad de Extranjero (TIE), which serves as your official foreigner’s ID card.

2. Tax Obligations

The U.S. and Spain have a Double Taxation Agreement, but this does not exempt you from filing taxes in both countries.

• U.S. Obligations: As a U.S. citizen, you must file a U.S. tax return annually, regardless of where you live. You may also have reporting requirements for foreign assets via the FBAR (FinCEN Form 114) if your foreign accounts exceed $10,000, and FATCA (Form 8938) for higher asset thresholds.

• Spanish Obligations: If you spend more than 183 days in Spain per calendar year, you become a tax resident and are subject to tax on your worldwide income. Spain also has specific forms (like Modelo 720) for declaring assets held outside of Spain.

• Tip: Consult with a tax professional who specializes in U.S.-Spain cross-border taxation before you leave.

3. Healthcare

You will typically need comprehensive private health insurance to qualify for a residency visa.

• Private Coverage: Most expats use private insurance, which offers access to a wide network of doctors, English-speaking staff, and shorter wait times.

• Public System: Once you are a legal resident, you may gain access to the Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) through social security contributions if you are employed. Those not employed may be able to join the Convenio Especial—a public health scheme that requires a monthly fee—after living in Spain for one year.

4. Driving in Spain

There is no reciprocal driving license agreement between the U.S. and Spain.

• Temporary: You can drive as a visitor with a valid U.S. license and an International Driving Permit (IDP).

• Resident: Once you become a legal resident, your U.S. license is only valid for six months. After that, you must pass the full Spanish driving test—both the theory (written) exam and the practical (road) test—to legally drive. The theory exam is available in English, but you must register with an official driving school (autoescuela) to take the practical exam.

5. Essential Advice for Newcomers

• The NIE: Your Número de Identificación de Extranjero (NIE) is your primary ID number for almost every administrative task, from opening a bank account to signing a lease.

• Apostilles: Ensure that any critical U.S. documents (like criminal background checks for visa applications) receive an apostille before you leave, as they will not be accepted in Spain without this international certification.

• Housing: Avoid signing long-term leases from the U.S. sight-unseen to avoid potential scams. It is recommended to book a short-term rental for your first few weeks to visit properties in person.